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DEPARTMENT

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DEPARTMENT
The documentary project of Alexander Arkhangelsky
Episode 6

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It wasn't the sixties that were hard, but the seventies. It was a Stalinist revanche, 

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which fortunately failed, but cost many destinies and lives.

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Alexander Piatigorsky:
- One phrase about my Soviet time: Nightmarish, but insanely Interesting.

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Lev Gudkov, Director of the Analytical Center of Yuri Levada ("Levada Center"):
- It was impossible to endure any more. Heavily. 

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The soul is not enough to withstand all this.  

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Levada, who was standing facing the window, said: "So the soul is small."

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- Dear comrades! Dear foreign guests! 60 years ago, 

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the workers and peasants of Russia, led by the Party and Lenin, 

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overthrew the power of the capitalists and landowners… 

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The 70s put humanitarians before a metaphysical choice: 

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which is worse - to abandon the profession for the sake of political incomprehensible results, 

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seclude himself, hide behind the walls of the library, 

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or write off inaction to circumstances and disperse in verbiage, 

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like the heroes of Oleg Chukhontsev?
 
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"The company was drunk, besides torturing each other,  

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like pigs tearing up names: Berdyaev! Rozanov! Bulgakov! 

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At the same time, even if not the kings, but the kumas to the king themselves:

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the one from the princes, the one from IWL, and the one with green eyes…

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PIATIGORSKY & MAMARDASHVILI: TAKING THE LANGUAGE

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In 1969, Alexander Pyatigorsky and Merab Mamardashvili, classmates in philosophy,  

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met by chance and restored their long-standing friendship. 

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Both stand out sharply against the general semi-erased background. Piatigorsky show-off and artistic. 

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He is not only an outstanding buddhologist, but also a true Buddhist. He even drinks vodka while reciting a mantra. 

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However, it finishes as it should, in Russian:

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- My dear, there is not one cucumber left? Их общий друг 

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Their mutual friend Otar Ioseliani will later see an actor in Piatigorsky 

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and shoot him in the role of the Maharaja.  

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This episode will decorate the movie "Butterfly Hunting".  

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Mamardashvili's defiant artistry, his emphasized expressiveness, is also noted by many.

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Yuri Senokosov, philosopher:
- Indeed, such a powerful man in a black sweater moves,  

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slightly bowing his head, his bald head shines,  

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large black glasses (then they were in fashion).

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I look, and he passes by like that. Mamardashvili's pipe… 

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Vladimir Zinchenko,
Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Academician of RAS:
- Mamardashvili's pipe… We can't imagine him without a pipe.

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The post-graduate girls at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology called him Commissar Maigret in philosophy. 

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Mantras and pipes are important. The appearance is designed to emphasize distance and isolation. 

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But the main thing, of course, is not in this. 

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Piatigorsky and Mamardashvili are busy thinking over the whole. 

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While the humanitarian environment, despite the pollination of the 60s, is still subordinate to provincial complexes of specifics. 

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What question are you studying? What are your main topics and ideas? They refuse to be historians of philosophy.   

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They think like philosophers should-about everything at once. 

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And when Lotman in Tartu publishes a chapter from the book "Consciousness and Language" by Piatigorsky and Mamardashvili, his colleagues will say indignantly: "But this is dilettantism!" 

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Alexander Pianigorsky:
- The speaker should not be interested in whether he is understood or not.

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After all, when I talk to you, understanding what I'm telling you is your business.

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And understanding what you're telling me is my business.

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Merab Mamardashvili:
- What is it like not to hear spontaneous, natural, free speech around you for a single second of every single day?

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And this, after all, is a need, a necessity for every person – to live in the element of free speech.

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Mamardashvili clearly understands that if these complexes are not overcome, there will be no development. 

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After becoming deputy editor of the journal "Questions of Philosophy", he sends letters to Heidegger and Levi Strauss with an invitation to write to the journal.

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Orders interviews with philologists and semiotics.

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He persuades the physicist Peter Kapitsa to write about the philosophy of science.

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We urgently need to open up to the world, acquiring a taste for versatility.

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Yuri Senokosov, philosopher:
- And I got carte blanche, because I did not directly report to Frolov, but only to Merab. 

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I went straight to Leningrad to interview Likhachev, because he was not published. 

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Then I went to see Bakhtin, who lived in a nursing home, ill, without a leg.  

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It was Dripping from the roofs. The sun was warm. All the old people in this nursing home came out, sat on a benchs.

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Here is the sun, drops and these people.

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Then I went in and saw him. This was remembered for a lifetime!

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But, alas, Mamardashvili has too little time.  

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In the 74th, the editor-in-chief of "Questions of Philosophy" Ivan Frolov will be dismissed, and after him, the editorial board will also be dispersed.

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LEVADA & GRUSHIN: HOW TO GET OUT FROM UNDER A BULLDOZER

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Yuri Levada is a mutual friend of Mamardashvili and Pyatigorsky, who is engaged in the same thing at the Institute for Concrete Social Research -

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creating an environment and developing a language, with similar results  -  

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merciless and quick defeat, and with similar stoicism. 

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Lev Gudkov, Director of the Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center):
- Melitinsky, Averintsev, Mamardashvili, and Pyatigorsky, that is, all working people

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who are somehow noticeable in the Soviet Union, spoke there. Everyone went through this seminar. 

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It was not, in fact, sociological - it was very important.

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Mamardashvili and Pyatigorsky thought about being as a whole.

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Levada comprehended the structure of society as such in a close creative circle of young followers, 

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like-minded people, students and under the patronage of the director-the kindest Academician Rumyantsev,

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who in Prague allowed Koryakin, Mamardashvili, Grushin to breathe. 

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Lev Gudkov, Director of the Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center):
- We came up with the coat of arms with Tatyana Borisovna Lyubimova. Well, first of all, this is the Levada sector. 

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This is the City that Levada was then engaged in. This is Minerva's owl.

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And our gatherings were accompanied by revelry, there was something to eat and drink and talk. 

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However, soon the young employees of Levada had to learn to draw not parody coats of arms, but evil and tragic caricatures.

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- Rutkevich came to the Institute of Sociology after Rumyantsev, who immediately received the nickname of the bulldozer.

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It was impossible to work there. And all the sociologists, more or less significant, honest, have left. Everyone left there.

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- Rutkevich came at the beginning of the 72 year.

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He is a professor in Sverdlovsk, a pogromist and an obscurantistic person.

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I just have to say that he fought not only with genetics, but also with the theory of relativity, refuting Einstein from materialistic positions.

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This is, indeed, the dense ignoramus, an evil creature, extremely not decent.

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On the sheets of posters of the tragic calendar are milestones of the gradual defeat of the institute. The bulldozer is moving unstoppably.  

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The head of Rutkevich was raised to the post. A pagan deity is waiting for a sacrifice.

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One by one, the employees leave, followed by Yuri Levada. Only the black square remains. The life of the sector is completed.

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Their mutual friend the poet Naum Korzhavin writes: «Sociology is on the decline. Wolves and eagles were beaten. And donkeys graze merrily on the trampled levada».

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The same thing is happening outside the Levada sector.  

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The voice of Boris Grushin:
- The situation at the institute was monstrous. I was the 101st person to leave the institute… ... who was forced to leave the institute. 

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CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLACE AND TIME
THE YEARS 1973-1978

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The first computer was created in America. In France, the Gulag Archipelago was released in Russian.  

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In the USSR, the construction of the BAM was resumed. The Spanish dictator Franco is dying.

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Cambodia is invaded by the Khmer Rouge. Saigon was conquered by Vietnamese guerrillas.

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Mao Zedong is dying. A Committee for the protection of workers - future Solidarity has been established in Poland.

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A new Soviet Constitution has been adopted. The Red Brigades kidnap and kill Prime Minister Aldo Moro.

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A new Pope, John Paul II, has been elected. 

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DRAWINGS FROM THE EXHIBITION

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The time of the good kings is over. The Institute of Philosophy is no exception. 

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The art of domestic satire, caricature creativity flourishes everywhere.

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:

- The director was terrifying-Ukrainians. 

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He came from the Central Committee of the CPSU. He was kicked out of there for complete incompetence. 

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He was an engineer by profession. He was stuck in our institute for 8 years like a rusty nail.

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Lev Anninsky, writer, literary critic:

- He said you didn't need to know anything. We're not all philosophers here. We are philosophical workers.

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Again, as in their youth, Zinoviev and Ilyenkov take up pen and pencil.

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Erich Solovyov composes parody poems for the institute's wall newspaper.

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:

- I watched how they created.

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Professionals, moreover, with a future, because then Zinoviev just did a lot of such works!

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And he was an inimitable cartoonist. Ilyenkov was a master of composition.

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The wall newspaper had its own fictional character – the philosophical worker Poluportyantsev. 

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In his biography, it is easy to recognize the features of the" bulldozer " Rutkevich and the plagiarist Iovchuk.  

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"I came out of the people. Until 1937, I lived quietly without promotion. After subsequently vacant positions, 

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I became, on the recommendation of my father-in-law Timofeevich, the head of the personnel department 

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and received the power of authority in the eyes of ranting philosophers, forcing them to be vigilant and watchful. 

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Thanks to the instructions of the relevant authorities, my creative thought developed and strengthened. I propose to elect me an Academician."

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HIGH GAPING

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Zinoviev's caricature drawings united the philosophical environment, 

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and his verbal portraits will separate it along the barricades.

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Both the Zamoshkin circle and the long-standing student fraternity will split. 

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Exiled from everywhere, Zinoviev in 1974 began feverishly working on the novel

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"Gaping Heights", conceived a long time ago, but suddenly broke through like a squall. 

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Olga Zinovieva, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:

- He wrote on the train, he wrote at home, he wrote on a piece of table, he wrote at night. He woke me up at night, and I wrote it down. 

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And I reacted to it quite naturally and normally, because it was quite obvious  

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that it was about creating something absolutely not seen before. It was a crazy burning.

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Quote from the novel: "The head of the department read out a historical speech in which he stated  

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that the age-old dream of a human is about to come true,

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since the gaping heights of socism are already visible on the horizon. 

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Socism is a fictional system of society, which is actually impossible.

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Ibansk is not a populated place by anyone. If it is possible somewhere, it is only not here in Ibansk. 

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Alexander Zinoviev:

- When the question arose to print, I told Olya that a cruel punishment awaits us. 

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Olya asked: "Will you be able to live in peace after this,

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knowing that "Gaping Heights" is written, but not printed?" 

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I said that of course I can't live in peace anymore.

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Olya said: "We will print it." 

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Olga Zinovieva, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:

- I printed on tissue paper, at one interval on both sides, to minimize the volume.

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And these pages were forwarded by our friends there, to Europe. In boots, in hats,

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in books in cut spines. It was a revolutionary activity. 

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In 76, the book was published in Russian in Lausanne.  

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Andropov rather liked it, which did not prevent the persecution at all.

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And the philosophical circle reacted much more harshly. 

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In the satirical portraits, Zamoshkin's circle, Zinoviev's friends at the faculty,

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and comrades at the Institute of Philosophy were easily identified. 

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Alexander Zinoviev:

- Andropov highly appreciated the book.

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And, as I was told by a person who is closely familiar with Andropov 

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and is part of his family, that "Gaping Heights" has become a reference book for Andropov.

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Tatyana Kharlamova, a friend of Ernst Neizvestny:

- I do not know who continued to communicate with him after this first novel "Gaping Heights"was published.

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There are some intonations in relation to all the people he knew, not very friendly, I would say so.

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They are somehow dubious. The attitude towards these people is not clear. Especially to Merab.

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Olga Zinovieva, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:

- The category was offended-I was not offended this is not about Zinoviev.

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He knew perfectly well the risk. The yellow house of the Institute of Philosophy 

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was an occasion to talk about the problems of our time.

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Well, what if she saw this yellow house?

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Discrepancies in the humanitarian layer were an unpleasant norm. 

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Year by year, relations with Zamoshkin, Mamardashvili, Levada, and Yuri Davydov,  

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who abandoned his early books and chose the path of soil conservatism,

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became more tense. But there was something else here, something deeper. 

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Vitaly Wolf, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation:

- It's a feeling of betrayal. It was, of course, a lampoon. 

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And the lampoon was precisely on the Zamoshkin house.

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Because it was very easy to guess who is who there. 

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It stunned everyone then. The first reaction was not to talk about this topic.

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And Merab told me: "You will be at Yura's, this is a very painful topic, Do not talk about this topic."

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Olga Zinovieva, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:

- Karyakin came, swearing with terrible force: "I was spitting. I was swearing. But ... - it's brilliant!" 

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He accepted it. Lyubimov accepted this book. He also  was swearing. 

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But when a person begins to understand that he has entered history, literature, served as a reason 

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for creating such a brilliant book, after all, a certain number of friends 

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and acquaintances were able to overcome this state. 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:

- He describes, in fact, the company, to a large extent, which we are talking about.

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He is evil, and a satirist cannot help being evil.

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From this we can conclude: he is a talented person, a very russian person.

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And Merab Mamardashvili was a very Georgian man. 

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And he was not affected by the explanation that Zinoviev also portrayed himself in the novel, calling himself a schizophrenic. 

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Only one thing was important – he trusted Zinoviev, accompanied him weekly from Oktyabrskaya Square to Vavilov Street, 

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spoke to him in the general philosophical language, and now he does not trust him. 

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And at the mention of Zinoviev, the usual cold smile will walk on Mamardashvili's lips.

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The community has ended. Life has separated them into different departments.

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A GAPING VOID

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Year by year, the atmosphere became more and more unbearable.

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Circumstances were squeezing from the outside. Connections were broken from the inside.  

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On August 6, 1978, one of the two general teachers of the philosophical

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generation, Alexander Zinoviev, was forced to emigrate.  

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He felt his departure as a drama of the way of the cross, , as his own separation. 

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He described isolation and loneliness in religious categories.

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:

- When Zinoviev left, he gave it to us (it hangs there) The Catholic Christ for me.

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When Zinoviev was already besieged, he had to leave, no one came to him. I remember Karjakin went to see him.  

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He said angrily: "What do you need? "" Just to say goodbye to yourself. Shake hands."

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"Well, come in." And they said goodbye very amicably.

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And another teacher of the generation, Ilyenkov, clung to the elusive meanings of life with the last of his strength.

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Remaining a sincere Marxist, he tried to connect the teaching of justice with real life.

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Together with an old front – line friend Meshcheryakov, who ran a boarding school 

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for deafblind children in Zagorsk, Ilyenkov engaged in an experiment-to give people  

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with disabilities deprived of sight and hearing higher education, to betroth them to the Academic environment.

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Olga Kuchkina, writer:

- He came to Komsomolskaya Pravda . He came with his students,

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with his students with whom he studied, the deaf-blind.

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It was something fantastic! They somehow translate and communicate through their fingers. 

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But even the responsibility for the deafblind pupils did not stop Evald Ilyenkov from taking a disastrous step.

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At the end of a dark decade, he committed suicide. He cut his throat with a shoemaker's knife.

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:

- Ilyenkov then passed away voluntarily, because

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he could not bear the pressure exerted on him. 

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Igor Kon Doctor of Philosophy, Academician of RAO:

- A very vulnerable person, a very impressionable person.

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The scandal at the Institute of Philosophy began with the fact

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that he himself came and wrote a statement that he had given

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his book to Feltrinelli, an Italian publisher. And then they began to work on it. 

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- They began to hound him. At that time, he suddenly thought that  

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he needed to prove that he was a Marxist.  

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He even began to write, to make some sketches of works about Lenin, almost 

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about "materialism and empirio-criticism" - the most vile work 

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that was generally written against Western philosophy. 

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And that's when he did it. That is, he lost his life.  

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Both the Ilyenkov experiment and his suicide

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suggested something more than pedagogy or politics. 

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Here lurked a passionate Wagnerian intense

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desire to escape from the general existential emptiness.  

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Lev Anninsky, writer, literary critic:

- He said: "Such a person, cut off 

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from everything reasonable, from the world of sounds, speeches, meanings, from everything, and realizing 

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that he is cut off, for example, can drink a bucket of water." "And what does this have to do with it?" - I thought.  

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"That's how he will sit down and little by little drink this bucket of water, looking in front of him.  

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And then, in his hour, get rid of this water. A person needs to fill this terrible void inside himself."

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In the mid-seventies, Anatoly Chernyaev, deputy head of the international  

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department of the Central Committee, curator of the Institute of the International  

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Labor Movement, will write in his diary: «I had a dream. Park. Spring day in may . A lot of people. 

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Waiting for. I'm standing on the platform from the edge. Brezhnev appears. 

00:21:55.900 --> 00:22:02.100
Suddenly, Brezhnev takes out a big, half-strained penis and begins to piss not under himself, but into the crowd.

00:22:02.100 --> 00:22:04.800
And somehow it so happened that those who were close to him 

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parted and the stream was directed at me. I don't know what to do.  

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Everyone is looking at me. I hesitate. Is it easy, is it not insulting 

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for him to avoid his splashes?

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Still, I'm trying to pull away. Failure. Brezhnev disappears somewhere in the direction of the courts.

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And at this moment, a terrible confusion begins. Everyone rushes to the fence in a panic.

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In front of her is a steep cliff, followed by a ditch, then a street along which cars are rushing. 

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People fall off the cliff, roll, knock each other down, climb through the bars of the fence and under it.

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Children are screaming. Disheveled women are rushing among the fallen. Sirens wail». 

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It seems that this is not the diary of a party leader, but

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a mixture of Sartre and Camus novels multiplied by a paraphrase of Zinoviev. This was the general experience of the epoch.

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Those who could not stand it left the USSR.

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The voice of Alexander Pyatigorsky:
- Why did I leave? I had a great life. Perfectly! Friends. Popularity. Interesting people. 

00:23:14.100 --> 00:23:24.700
Answer: I'm just tired of everything. Not enough? And you will understand, this is a very important element. Say, some kind of GB surveillance, calls…

00:23:24.700 --> 00:23:35.900
Rubbish! Nonsense! Who doesn't? Are we going to complain every time? No. That's not the point. Something was ending, I had a feeling, in this place.

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Paola Volkova, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, Professor of Higher Directing Courses:

- The border guards began to mock them.

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Sasha was a poor man. Well, what did Sasha have, except for one suit and another pair of trousers

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and some non-branded underpants? He was rummaging through all this with relish in his wretched belongings.  

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Sasha stood there in silence. And when all this procedure was over, Sasha told this  customs officer: 

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"Thank you, young man. You have made it 

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much easier for me to say goodbye to my Homeland". 

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Those who remained accepted the tragedy as a norm of life, as the price that 

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must be paid for the right to be a philosopher, an artist, a scientist. 

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Chukhontsev's poem "Namesake", written in 1976, does not end with the words for nothing:

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«But even in the scum of people among all the riffraff and trash, what does it mean to thirst for a different face, appearance, ideal?

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And suddenly both thoughts and dreams appear in us, about the God 

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like pentafoil burns of the burning bush?"