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DEPARTMENT
EPISODE 2
The documentary project of Alexander Arkhangelsky

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Alexander Pyatigorsky:
- Only complete historical idiots do not understand that the terrible Stalinist terror was possible 

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because, in a figurative sense

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(this needs to be deciphered), these people were

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ready to be killed and tortured. 

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In a sense, they wanted to.  

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Merab Mamardashvili:
- And when a society or country falls out of history and time, 

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then animate and humanlike creatures 

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appear in it. They are products of imitation of what has broken, got sick or disappeared.

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Boris Grushin:
- In the first year, 

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one student was arrested, in the second year, 

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a second student (from our course) was arrested, in the third year 

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they were arrested... And, God knows why.

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For what we didn't know.

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But for all that, there was a very  

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serious ferment in the minds, I would say.  

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The post-war Soviet history was a continuous history of miracles.

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From nothing came something, from non-existence was born being.  

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20 years before the establishment of the Institute of the International Labor Movement, 

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the self-birth of free thought occurred at the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow State University,

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at the end of the Stalinist era, in the midst  

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of its suicidal agony. t was then and there 

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that the future leaders of the IILM, their colleagues and  

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allies met, came together and became friends, a thinking generation 

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was formed, a multi-move romance about love, about the love of 

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knowledge and reflection began.  

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SEPARATION: HARBINGER OF THE DEPARTMENT

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The end of the forties. The old university building on Mokhovaya Street. On the first floor there

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is a law school, on the second floor there are philosophers and psychologists.  

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This building has been standing for a century and a half. Herzen and Ogarev, 

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Lermontov and Belinsky, Turgenev and Chekhov studied here. 

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Among the newly enrolled students are the son of a Georgian colonelа 

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Merab Mamardashvili, the grandson of a Russian Red Army soldier Yuri Karyakin, 

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and a shy provincial intellectual Yuri Levada. He came 

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from Vinnytsia. He is fluent in Ukrainian and Polish. 

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Georgy Shchedrovitsky is an ambitious native of the engineering nomenclature layer. 

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He studied at the physics faculty with brilliance for two years,

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but dropped out to learn the deep structure of the world. 

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A little older are Alexander Pyatigorsky and Boris Grushin. 

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All of them are sure in advance that someday the era  

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will be aka with their names. And, it seems, they 

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have not yet understood where they were brought-into the desert,  

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where the dashing authorities roam.  

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, wife of Yuri Zamoshkin:
- Did you know that Joseph Vissarionovich appointed Mitin and Yudin as academicians? 

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He asked them - this is a reliable fact: "And what, 

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comrades Mitin and Yudin, isn't it time 

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for you to become academicians?" Yudin modestly said that 

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he would probably have become a сorresponding member, and Mitin 

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did not even show this modesty. 

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So they became Stalinist academicians. 

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The Chairman of the Management Board, Academician Mitin, made a large report

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on the work of the Company. The congress was held under the slogan: "knowledge to the masses".

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Real philosophers have nowhere to come from, everyone 

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is either expelled or imprisoned. Alexey Losev and Valentin Asmus  

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miraculously survived. Occasionally there are young honest

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Marxists like Theodor Oizerman. But the profession is cut off 

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at the root and there is complete chaos in the minds

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of the younger generation. Even the skeptical Yuri Levada

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calls his first-born son Volodya in honor of the greatest 

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philosopher of all time, Lenin.  

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Yuri Karyakin:
- And suddenly everything fell into place for me after reading the Communist manifesto. 

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Of course, I'm parodying a little, but a little.  

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In fact, it was so. Well, now everything has become clear.

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This is a monstrous temptation to achieve the truth in the simplest way.

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Not by labor, but immediately by communion.  

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This is the injection I got him. 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- The dark times of the seventies have already come. A young correspondent calls him from 

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Komsomolskaya Pravda and asks him to tell about the years of his youth, 

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about his university years. And he says to her so 

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gloomily: "Do you understand, girl, what were 

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the years? I had a good pot (heads), and 

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they cooked shit in this pot for a long, long time. 

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I'm picking at it all the time, picking it out

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and still haven't picked it out to the end." 

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But it would seem that they saw everything, knew everything. They should 

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have had no illusions. Levada came under distribution 

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for hanging a portrait of two cosmopolitans, 

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Marx and Spinoza. Karl Kantor had to go through 

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a pogrom meeting. The speakers called for Judas to be shot.  

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The mildest demand was to exclude him from the Party and 

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expel him from the university.

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Vladimir Kantor, Doctor of Philosophy:
- Two people were not afraid - Sasha Zinoviev,
who said a wonderful phrase that his father remembered forever: "Karl, 

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are you a Jew?" The father said, " Yes." 

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"You'll be smarter next time," said Zinoviev.

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What should have happened that just ten years later 

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Merab Mamardashvili began to argue with Sartre on equal terms, 

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Grushin created the first sociological service in the USSR, 

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Levada wrote the only monograph on the sociology of religion, 

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and the young Buddhologist Pyatigorsky became 

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the compiler of a Tamil-Russian dictionary?  

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Oleg Genisaretsky, Doctor of Art History, Deputy Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- The living comes from the living, according to Vernadsky, the spiritual comes from the spiritual  

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and thought comes from thought. Merab Konstantinovich formulated it this way: 

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"Development comes from development." 

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CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLACE AND PLACE
THE 
YEARS 1946-1954

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Winston Churchill delivers the Fulton speech. The beginning of the Cold War.

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The USSR introduced a decree on the collective  

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responsibility of peoples and adopted a devastating resolution of the Central Committee 

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 on the magazines Leningrad and Zvezda. The Marshall Plan begins to operate.

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Heidegger issues a letter on humanism, protesting 

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against existentialism. Geneticists were defeated at the session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after Lenin. 

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The President of the Academy Trofim Denisovich Lysenko made a report on the situation in biological science.

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"A progressive biological science," said Comrade Lysenko.

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"it's indebted to the geniuses of mankind, Lenin and Stalin, so that the teaching 

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about the transformation of wildlife for the benefit of the Soviet people will enter the treasury of our knowledge with a golden fund."

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The struggle against rootless cosmopolitanism began. A nuclear bomb has been tested.

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The newspaper Pravda published an article by Comrade 

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Stalin "Marxism and questions of Linguistics". 

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GREATCOATS OF EVALD AND SASHKA 

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The faculty classrooms and dormitories of the late forties resembled a mixture of a university 

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and a military unit. People in jackets and tunics 

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with medals and orders were sitting  

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on the benches. Many of them, having passed through 

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death, received an inoculation of freedom. It was 

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as if the plugs had been knocked out of their minds. They looked 

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at life directly, coldly, angrily.

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Olga Zinovieva, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:
- Two veterans who appeared at the Faculty of Philosophy-Evald Ilyenkov and Alexander 

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Zinoviev, they, of course, created such prominences around themselves.

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They saw things that others did not see. 

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Alexander Zinoviev:
- I was discharged already in 46. Well, and then a curious

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thing happened, again characterizing my unusual fate. 

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It came to Krasovsky himself, the commander

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of the 2nd Air Army. He called me: "We 

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will send you to a bomber regiment." I say, " No.

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It doesn't fit." He: "A flight commander." I say, " No. Well, what are you.  

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I don't want to, it's not enough for me." "We'll send you to 

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the Academy." I said,"That's not enough for me."  

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"Did you want to become a general?" I tell him: 

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"It's not enough for me." He: "So what do you want?"

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I said: "I want to win my own life battle."

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It was they, Zinoviev and Ilyenkov, who were both fond 

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of caricature, who led their young contemporaries. Where to? 

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To take an unclouded Marxism. They were united by a romantic

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passion for knowledge. Everything else was different: 

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both character and origin. Ilyenkov is the son of 

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a prosperous Soviet writer. He lived in a luxurious, 

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at that time, apartment in the passage of the art theater.  

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Zinoviev is the 6th child in a peasant Chukhloma family. 

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He spent his youth in a damp basement room on Sukharevka. 

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8 people per 10 meters. Both studied 

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at the IFLA, the only pre-war institution where they gave a normal

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humanitarian education. Ilyenkov is nervous, refined. 

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Zinoviev is as straight as a shot at point-blank range. 

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Olga Zinovieva, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:
- It was very simple in the category of ratings. Never 

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be equal, for example, to the weak, but only to the strong. 

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"No pull-ups of weak. I focus only on the strong.

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Moreover, I'm not saying that you will go  

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with me. I'm going ahead, if you want  

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to come with me. I'm not calling you. 

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I don't insist. But don't complain later." 

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:
- You know, if you had to point at a person and say, 

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" Here he is a philosopher." Then Ilyenkov  

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approached this more than many others. Unfortunately,  

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he drank more than he should have. This made his life 

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more difficult, but he was a philosopher by the grace of God. 

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He was an absolutely fanatical fan of Wagner.

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He invited us to his house. We listened to these operas.

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The meeting with the dialectician Ilyenkov and the logician 

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Zinoviev predetermined a lot in the fate of their younger 

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contemporaries, who did not fight, did not know the metaphysics of total death.

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Torn out of the intellectual context, confused by ideology, 

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they believed the front-line soldiers and began to bite into Marx anew.

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Moreover, not only future philosophers, 

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but also the sculptor Ernst Neizvestny, who entered 

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the faculty to listen to lectures by Ilyenkov and Zinoviev.

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It was as if they had been left a crack in the iron wall.

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Erich Soloviev, Doctor of Philosophy, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- Post-war boys disappeared at the faculty.  

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And their medals and their snobbish ways disappeared.  

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But in the locker room, where the post-war coats were hanging, two greatcoats

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suddenly appeared - the greatcoats of Ewald and Sasha. 

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They are, by experience, fathers to us,  

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they are, by age, brothers. They are freedom samples to us 

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in the face of drill and surveillance. Other songs 

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rang and other books began. Inside the Marxist citadel 

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before dissidence, dissidents have been since they came out  

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of the greatcoat - the greatcoat of Ewald and Sashka.

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Later, Erich Solovyov will closely study the history of the German Reformation. And then 

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he will come up with an analogy. Just as 

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Luther once opposed Holy Scripture to church tradition, so 

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Zinoviev and especially Ilyenkov opposed the living Marx 

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to the deadness of Marxism.  

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Oleg Genisaretsky, Doctor of Art History, Deputy Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- Alexander Alexandrovich had been coming to the Institute of Philosophy and, well, defiantly had been offering to characters like 

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Academician Mitin and Yudin some translated quote from early Marx  

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from the original language. He had been offering to answer the question: "Is it materialism 

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or idealism?" They all had been saying together: "Idealism."

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Vladimir Zinchenko, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Academician of RAO:
- Marx has such a phrase that 

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philosophers earlier only explained the world, and 

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the whole task is to remake it. 

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And Zinoviev or one of them said:

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"Philosophers used to only explain the world,   

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but now they can't even do that."  

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So, through the mediation of Marx, the young replenishment grew into

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the philosophical tradition. Everything happened according to the formula of the poet Vladislav Khodasevich.

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"I instilled a classic rose in a Soviet wildling."

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They entered the profession through the back  

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door during Stalin's lifetime, on the eve of the "Doctors'  

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Case", long before Khrushchev's report at the twentieth Congress.

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Thanks to their older peers, they lost  

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their fear before the deadline - the fear of thinking independently 

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and the fear of calling a spade a spade.  

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- Scientific supervisor Shchipanov and another outstanding Soviet philosopher 

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Iovchuk, it turns out, plagiarized their dissertations and, moreover,

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 were involved in the imprisonment of those people who 

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worked on the problems of Russian philosophy. And the courageous 

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guys - Karjakin, his friend Primak, then begin 

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their research, bring it to the end and show  

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what they have plagiarized and what their teachers 

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should be responsible for. And suddenly teacher Shchipanov (56th 

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year) says to Karyakin: "A year earlier you should have been 

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camp dust. Yes, we are too late."  

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- "Ivan Yakimovich Shchipanov is a thief of the most original fools," they were talking  at the faculty.

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HEARTS OF FOUR

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Courage is courage. Front-line experience is 

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front-line experience. Marx is Marx. But if they 

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had only read into Capital, the tradition

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of independent philosophizing would not have been resurrected. In the 52nd year, Georgy  

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Shchedrovitsky will come into the Komsomol Committee, where Zinoviev 

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was drawing a wall newspaper "For the Leninist Style".  

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They will have a fierce dispute about Capital. The dispute lasted 8 hours. 

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They decided to have a drink and argue after. The conversations continued. 

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Boris Grushin and Merab Mamardashvili got involved in them.

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The venue for the discussion was the pubs on Pushkinskaya No. 1 

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and on Kirovskaya. They wandered around Moscow

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and talked about how formal logic  

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would do nothing in the analysis of thinking. We need 

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other categories, a different logical approach, without psychological  

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substitutions, without Talmudic constructions. So spontaneously formed 

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the Moscow Logic circle, which is now customary to write 

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about in encyclopedias. And for years to come, 

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a contradictory, but firm male friendship began. 

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- It was a man's friendship. They forgot everything - families, affairs.

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affairs. They gathered every evening and just  

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enjoyed the mutual company of intelligent, in their 

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circle, absolutely free, young and happy people. 

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- Like four people. These are different trajectories 

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of movement, the problems they faced. This is, 

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in general, of course, the plot for a novel. 

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However, Alexander Zinoviev, their informal leader, will soon retire from the circle and entrust leadership 
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to the ambitious and tough Georgy Shchedrovitsky, who spoke half-jokingly: 

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"What's the history of philosophy. There is a void between 

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In general, not only the grandiose war, but 

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also the grandiose intentions of the impudent youth played a role

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in the transformation of Soviet philosophy..  

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The voice of Alexander Zinoviev:
- I was developing a logical concept that was not acceptable to anyone, 

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that is, a concept different from everything 

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that was and is in world logic.

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Boris Grushin:.
- The problems were grandiose. It was a swing at a truly great historical deed. Neither formal logic nor so-called  
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dialectical logic set themselves such a task.

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- A person will not die from modesty.

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He said that he would consider such a death a disgrace for himself.

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The circle members themselves, in response to Boris Grushin,

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will jokingly call themselves dialectical easelists. The quote 

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is easily recognizable. She refers to Ilf  

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and Petrov, the novel "12 chairs". "The city has always loved

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painting and 4 artists who have lived here for a long time founded 

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the "dialectical easelist"  group. They painted portraits of responsible 

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workers and sold them to the local painting museum."

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End quote. Twenty years later Voznesensky would write

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about another poetic quartet: "What is destined 

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for us ahead? We are few. There may be four of us. 

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We're racing. And you are a deity. And yet  

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we are the majority." The circle by the official procedure of  will be renamed  

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the methodological one. Shchedrovitsky believed that the time of the former

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scientific structure was over. It is necessary to re-saturate the activity with 

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thinking. It was up to them - donetsk, combustible and hellish -

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to solve the task of a complete paradigm shift that will determine 

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the fate of civilization for 200-300 years. He wouldn't settle for anything less.

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The voice of George Shchedrovitsky:
- The time of science is over. Science has already,  

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ALREADY, I emphasize, died. And what

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 we observe around us is a shell, a dead shell and 

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nothing more. We live in an era of a very complex revolution, 

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when science and the scientific form of organization  

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of thinking and activity are replaced by new  

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forms, methodological ones. And in this sense, methodology displaces science.  

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Peter Shchedrovitsky, son of George Shchedrovitsky:
- He had a very simple design. He  

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thought there was a philosophy. Then sciences  

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were born out of philosophy - sciences of the first generation, first of all, natural sciences. 

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Then there was engineering. Engineering thinking, as a special, 

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that is, scientific thinking, hatched out of philosophy 

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and became independent. He said that these 

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three types of thinking are being replaced by the 4th, methodological. 

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Grushin rather sympathized with this. Mamardashvili was smiling 

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ironically. He generally always kept to himself. He participated 

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in discussions, treated friends cordially, but kept his distance in advance.

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Yuri Levada:
- He was somehow not like that, although it is unclear why he was not like that.

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He took Marx very seriously, 

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which none of our official ideologists knew how to do and did not imagine why it was 

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necessary, for example, but not only to Marx later. 

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Vladimir Zinchenko, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Academician of RAO:
- I was just comparing the point of view of Merab Mamardashvili

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and George Shchedrovitsky. They are diametrically  

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opposed, because Mamardashvili called the task of  

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designing a new person the most stupid, idiotic

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and immoral task. Well, and really, listen, they started 

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designing a new person according to Gorky, and they got a gray person 

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according to Zoshchenko. 

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Even then, Mamardashvili believed that it was necessary to investigate not thinking, but consciousness,

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but consciousness, including his own. And we need not so much 

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a general methodology as a new language of philosophy, which 

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is formed not in a circle of like-minded people, but alone with oneself.

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And circles are quite suitable 

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for other things - for communication, for friendship, for  

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acquaintance with students. However, none of the methodologists 

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objected to the last point.  

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:
- I was a very athletic girl. I was playing volleyball. И вот, 

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they tell me that it is possible to train under 

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the guidance of our senior comrades. Coach Shchedrovitsky, coach 

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Mitrokhin, someone else. Mamardashvili coached basketball,

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he was tall and tall. I really didn't play  

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basketball. But after a while I  

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realize that, of course, these young people are more  

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interested in getting to know fresh female students, because 

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they play volleyball very badly. 

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Friendships and romances were formed on philosophical and sporting grounds. Love stories  

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connected the faculties. By the way, the future 

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wives of Levada, Mamardashvili and Mikhail Gorbachev 

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lived in the same dorm room at Stromynka number 392. 

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Mikhail Gorbachev, politician:
- In the room where Raisa Maksimovna lived,

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the girls were visited by Gorbachev, a law student, Merab

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Mamardashvili and Yura Levada. A lot has passed, but 

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stromyngrad how difficult it was.  

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22 people each lived in a room where one table 

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only stands and with a large decanter,

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with faceted glasses. Even things had to be stored under 

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the bed. And yet, I remember Stromynka.

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Young geniuses met, sorted out their girlfriends and hurried

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each to their date, not realizing that 

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this meeting was symbolic. History will set them

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a similar, completely impossible, but, nevertheless, a great task.

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Yuri Senokosov, philosopher:
- It's not just about Merab,

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it's not just about Mikhail Sergeyevich. This is their reference. 

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They laid the foundation for the future Soviet system, developed and mastered

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the ideology. And the children were growing up.  

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Of course there was something komsomol, revolutionary and utopian in this. Reformat history with the mysterious

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power of thinking. But how will the French peers of Shchedrovitsky 

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00:23:52.100 --> 00:23:56.400
write on the walls of the Sorbonne in the sixty- eighth year: 

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"Be realistic. Demand the impossible."  

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Peter Shchedrovitsky, son of George Shchedrovitsky:
- This was the frame in which they all thought. You know,   

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at some point Podoroga told me:

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"Listen, after all, he's a Komsomol member." I say:

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00:24:12.400 --> 00:24:15.400
"In a way, yes. And Zinoviev,

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00:24:15.400 --> 00:24:18.300
in a sense, is also a Komsomol member.

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00:24:18.300 --> 00:24:20.800
Yes, and Mamardashvili. But in the sense that they 

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sincerely believed that it was possible to improve  

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people's lives at the expense of what they were doing.

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00:24:28.100 --> 00:24:31.000
Since he was born on February 23, 

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his grandparents named him Kraskom.  

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I should have been Pyotr Kraskomovich. 

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00:24:36.100 --> 00:24:38.800
But then my great-grandmother came and said 

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they were crazy. And that it is not known how much longer 

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the Soviet government will last. That's why he became George." 

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Shchedrovitsky formulated the task of life back in the early fifties: 

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to restore the Russian intelligentsia, otherwise Russian

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history has no more chances. From whom to restore? 

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But from these Komsomol members. Because

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there's no one else. How to restore? Will see. On March 5,  

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1953, Stalin's death was announced. The gap 

351
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in history has been punched. It will be much harder to drill

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00:25:14.700 --> 00:25:16.300
through ourselves. 

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Comrade Stalin, you are a great scientist. 
In linguistics, you are a great luminary,

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00:25:29.900 --> 00:25:46.900
And I am a simple Soviet prisoner,
Not a communist or even a Jew.