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DEPARTMENT
EPISODE 3
The documentary project of Alexander Arkhangelsky

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- The magazine "Problems of Peace and Socialism" was, 

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in socio-political terms, about the same as 

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the "New World" was in cultural and social terms, I would say. 

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Yuri Senokosov, philosopher:
- If there were no magazine "Problems of Peace and Socialism", the whole process

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of parting with communism would have dragged on much longer. 

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Yuri Karyakin:
- In 1962, at the end of November, my best, closest, longest, 

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 if I may say so, friend Lenya Pajitnov came to Prague,

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to the magazine "Problems of Peace and Socialism". Naturally, we had a drink with him.

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He stayed the night at my place 

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and gave me an old magazine, the 11th issue 

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of the New World. I read it and I sobered up. 

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Russian life, in the poet's words,

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is folded. It's windy, cold, and painful here in Samoylov style.

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But if you find a fold and hide in it, then you can 

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live and think. Gradually, there were more folds. The scientific 

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and technical revolution has begun. It was necessary to promote science, 

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to present someone to the West. And sometimes these folds, enclaves, departments appeared 

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in the most unexpected places, in the very center of the system.

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COMMUNISM, FREE FROM CENSORSHIP
 
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Before the Institute of the International Labor Movement was born, 

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many of its curators, bosses, and employees met in cozy Prague, 

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in the international communist magazine "Problems of Peace and Socialism",

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published in 28 languages. 

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It is distributed in 142 countries of the world, has 39 national publications

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In the ideological struggle against imperialism and revisionism for peace and social progress,

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the journal "Problems of Peace and Socialism" is on one of the front lines of fire. 

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Before becoming the curator of the magazine, Anatoly Chernyaev worked here.

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Under his supervision, the future

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deputy director of the IILM Ambartsumov, and one of the brightest employees,  

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the philosopher Arab-Oglu, and the 27-year-old historian Vladimir Lukin, who 

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in 2002 will run for the post of director of the IILM and will lose, served in Prague. 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Do you know what stories have happened? Someone comes, 

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including your humble servant, to

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Moscow, meets with his freedom-loving friends. 

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One of them says to him: "Listen, I can't 

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break through a few formulations here that are not missed. 

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Absolutely! What to do?" I say, "Okay. Give them to me. I will write them 

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into the article of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Mumba-Yumba, after which 

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you will refer to them and develop further."  

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Of course, they were hired not to push through the wording,

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but to help conduct ideology on a global Comintern scale.

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To do this, they have created excellent conditions. 

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The editorial office was located in the very center of Prague on Thakura 

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(Tagore) Street, in a gloomy, luxurious building of the former seminary.

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Hundreds of consultants, translators from Europe, America, Africa.

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The magazine's employees relied on passports allowing them to travel freely  

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to the socialist countries. They did not obey either the embassy 

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or censorship. Stalin was still reclining in the Mausoleum,

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and in the communist magazine they lived as if 

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the gulag did not exist and could not exist.

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- Sobolev was there as an executive secretary, who also created 

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an atmosphere. When we went to the mountains and there  

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was snow, he shocked everyone around, walked in his underpants and barefoot in the snow.

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I have photos of him lying in a snowdrift, so imposingly, 

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and a representative of Nigeria is lying next to him 

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in a malachai and in a sheepskin coat. It is clear that he is very cold,  

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and Sobolev is smiling like that. 

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CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLACE AND TIME

Years 1954-1958

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Ehrenburg's novel "Thaw" is published.  

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The Warsaw Military Treaty was created. At the XX Congress of the CPSU, 

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Khrushchev exposes Stalin. The Hungarian uprising was suppressed by Soviet troops. 

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A student demonstration was shot in Tbilisi.  

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The World Youth Festival is taking place in Moscow.

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"The light of brotherly love is burning," Horacio Guarany sings.

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A satellite has been launched. The nuclear icebreaker 

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Lenin was created. The first synchrophasotron has started working.  

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Pasternak, who received the Nobel Prize, was expelled from the Writers' Union. 

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GILDED EMIGRATION

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In the isolated, lightened Prague, classmates from Moscow State University met again - 

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Merab Mamardashvili, Yuri Karyakin and Boris Grushin.

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They are slightly over 30. They go to the Semaphore political theater together - satirically evil, topical. 

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On Thursdays, a film club is organized, created on the Grushin initiative.

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Pazolini performs at magazine seminars, Mamardashvili 

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acts as a translator. They watch сzechs - young Forman, Khitilova, new wave, erotica, everything

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that the modern West produces. Others cannot,  

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but they need it for responsible work.  

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By the way, there was also a bar club in the editorial office, neatly named "International". 

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Beautiful employees sometimes danced on the tables.  

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
-Grushin brought me for the first time on the first Friday. And on the stairs, right at the entrance, stood Karjakin.

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He was, in general, a terrible bully. He played some incredible scene there. Every payday he was 

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 not lazy to take part of it in coins and with these coins he  

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spread some texts on Grushin's carpet. I open the door and see 

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that he is collecting coins from the carpet and I only see the last letters: "ck".

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That is, this time, apparently, Karyakin's money was bad.

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Somewhere where Shchedrovitsky and Levada, Ilyenkov and Zinoviev remain, they plant corn, 

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adopt the Moral Code of the builder of communism, shoot Novocherkassk, 

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send a man into Space and master the Virgin Land.

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And here they talk about it and think about it, but they live

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in some kind of parallel world. Grushin, in secret from 

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his superiors, manages a grandiose project that was launched 

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in Komsomolskaya Pravda, to put it mildly, not in the most obvious place 

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for the development of academic knowledge.  

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But life left no choice. After graduating from the university, 

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Grushin was expelled from Soviet philosophy. 

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And in Komsomolka, with the support of the liberal authorities, he created the first

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Institute in the USSR for the study of public opinion - 

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his enclave, his department, his fold. 

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Olga Kuchkina, writer:
- Grushin was already in the editorial office when I got there. 

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And already I saw this "nuclear warhead" in the corridors, as he  

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always rushed with some newspaper strip, just with some screams.  

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- There were a lot of songs, like: "What should I do? I love Tanya,

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and I sleep with Manya." He was struck by the fact that there was a letter from 

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an Academician, from a milkmaid, from a student and from a teacher and there were absolutely the same thoughts.

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Boris Grushin:
- Imagine, there were 5 questionnaires with absolutely


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similar texts on the table at the same time when it came to explaining divorces, 

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the reasons for divorce. If these texts reproduced the famous cliches 

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of our propaganda, official installations, there would be nothing interesting in it. 

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These texts differed qualitatively and meaningfully from the official point of view on the causes of divorce in the USSR.

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But they matched, just like twin brothers. How could these people, who had never met each other in their lives, 

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did not participate in any joint actions, how could they produce the same text? 

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And so, in search of an answer to this question, I discovered that I had discovered, I'm not afraid of 


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this word, some new object, unknown to science until now, not written by science. 


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The object that I soon called Mass Consciousness.

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Grushin of this period seemed to illustrate Shchedrovitsky's thesis: 


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New intellectuals will grow out of former Komsomol members,"  

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 with all their romantic impulse and recognizable style. Grushin's future wife,

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Natalia, worked as her own Komsomolskaya Pravda correspondent in Riga and 

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did not immediately come to Prague. He wrote her

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instructive letters and produced a handwritten newspaper for her.

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- "I don't think that my relationship with you 

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somehow casts doubt on my identity.

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I didn't steal anything, I didn't cheat anyone (it's nota bene).  

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I didn't do anything immoral. So why, the question is, 

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should I hide like a thief? Living like this means stealing from yourself,

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depriving yourself of the pleasure of feeling truly free, that is, 

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a person free from prejudice, a person who worships true ideals and principles. 

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And this is also happiness, real happiness to experience the feeling of such freedom".

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As for Karjakin, although he graduated from philosophy and even defended dissertation, he was 

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neither a philosopher nor a sociologist. Before Prague, he was not even a publicist, just a bright,  

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intelligent, sincere and brave man. He kept semi-encrypted diaries in which, 

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fearing a search, he put his words into the heads of invented characters. 

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But in Prague he finds the lever that will turn his fate around. 

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This is not the mass Grushin consciousness, but the humanistic world of Dostoevsky and the populist faith of Solzhenitsyn.

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Yuri Karyakin:
- I was offended by such an idea from Dostoevsky... I read it a long time ago, but I realized, or began to understand, too late.

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I quote: "You say," he argues with someone, "that it is moral to act according to conviction.

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And I will not believe you directly and will say,   

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on the contrary, it is immoral to act according to conviction. 

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Because you have to continuously, every day, ask yourself: "Are my beliefs correct?" 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- He was made famous by an article about Dostoevsky in 1963, which also for some reason received more  

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resonance in Moscow, even than in other countries.

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Because Dostoevsky was still somehow banned. 

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And suddenly an article appears in a communist magazine, in which there is some

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 kind of not only rehabilitation, but recognition. And through Dostoevsky, the Russian world culture, he left 

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the communist ideology, and even Marxism, which he had previously been fond of. 

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Funny and characteristic picture: 

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across the wall from the General Secretary of Mumba-yumba, a crazy Soviet publicist 

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is sitting in a huge Prague office and scribbling articles for the main communist body about 

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the anti-communists Dostoevsky and Solzhenitsyn. From time to time,  

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in order to cool down a little, he rides a bicycle 

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around the office and stands on his head. He has been 

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called a Marxist yogi all these years.

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- And his legs were visible, sticking out of the window. And this was  

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the window that was adjacent to the Ministry of Security. 

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And then one day they call from there and say,  

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in a rather timid voice, to our superiors: "You know, 

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understand us correctly, of course we have nothing to do, 

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we do not conduct any observations, we just want

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to draw your attention to the fact that 

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twice a day, at a strictly defined time, bare legs appear from such 

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and such a window. And these are men's legs. 

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As for Mamardashvili, he does not

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study society and does not seek to remake the world. 

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He learns the language of world philosophy, 

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reads Proust and gets used to simply living  

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and thinking, abandoning reformist pathos and 

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recognizing suffering in advance as a metaphysical norm. 

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Merab Mamardashvili:
- Through the passing of the well of suffering, passing through which you can see beyond the abyss  

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of not accord, injustice, cruelty some hidden harmony. 

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Karjakin violated all the established rules because he always hated borders. 

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And Mamardashvili violated borders when they interfered with his main goal - to become a philosopher, as such, 

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neither Soviet nor anti-Soviet. After leaving for France, he stayed for a week, not in protest, but simply 

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because he wanted to communicate, and communication is more important than prescriptions.  

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While studying languages, he communicated with   

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Italian, Spanish, and French colleagues. 

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Valentina Mikitinova, editorial staff member of the journal "Problems of Peace and Socialism" in the 1960s.:
-The editorial office had a closed library. These are publications for members of the Central Committee of the Communist 

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Party of the Soviet Union. These are translated books. 

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Books like Jivas and so on, the so-called counterrevolutionary ones, were translated.

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Every editor or every department that worked on a topic had the opportunity 

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to order a book from the Central Library of Prague and from the Slavic.

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Books that were published here by emigrants and from Paris. In general, this is a very 

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rich library. Berdyaev and Trotsky were there.

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Yuri Senokosov, philosopher:
- Basically, he was engaged, as I  

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understand it, in completing the library that was being created and 

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wrote out Italians, Frenchmen there, what he himself was interested in. 

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I have other books that he studied there.  

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This is the German ideology of Marx from the collected works, well, just all with his notes.

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:
- Merab had already met Sartre there, but 

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we were well aware of other meetings.  

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For some reason, young Mamardashvili seems to be wounded by Sartre. 

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He reads it, rereads it, reviews it in a magazine, 

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argues with it and seems to be slightly jealous. 

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Echoes of the internal dialogue are heard in many of his remarks.

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- "Listen, you know, now an institute on Pacific problems  

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 is being created in the Far East in Vladivostok. And only one thing stops me - far away."  

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He said to me: "Volodya, where is it far from?" 

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I understood everything, the height of my idiocy. Really, from where?

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But this is a paraphrase from Sartre's book "Being and Nothing". 

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Sartre writes: "Argentina is far enough away. Far from what?" End quote.

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Mamardashvili's generation miraculously slipped into philosophy.

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Hence this passion and this jealousy. And for the right to become a philosopher, in the strict  

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European sense, he is ready to pay any price, 

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including giving up his family. A thinker should not need care.

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Vladimir Zinchenko, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Academician of RAS:
- My son became very attached to him somehow.

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"Sasha," says Merab, "I really like your mom. 

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She's just wonderful. I understand that without your  

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mom, you wouldn't exist either. But I'm begging you, please 

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don't get married." The kid says 13-year-old. 

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Iza Mamardashvili, sister of Merab Mamardashvili:
- He was followed by a female train. I was always very worried when he was late, for example. 

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And when one day I threw a tantrum that: "What have you done?  

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Why didn't you call me?" You know, he didn't even understand.

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He says: "I'm an adult. What's the matter with you?

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I've lived alone all my life." He didn't realize

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that someone at home could worry about him. He's just not used to his family. 

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Mamardashvili's only long-term attachment Zelma Chait lived in Riga. 

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She was older than him, had passed through the Riga ghetto. 

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They met, called back, but did not move in together.

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When you look at her photo, you understand what he found in her, what he was fascinated by.

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This is not a Soviet face. This is a face from another world, which he so wanted to belong to.   

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Elena Nemirovskaya, Director of the Moscow School of Political Studies:
- She also fled from the Gestapo 

00:17:28.800 --> 00:17:38.000
when the whole family was taken away, because this is a Jewish family, a family, in my opinion, even a rabbi, in Riga. 

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And some Swedish young man was 

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in love with her.In general, an escape was arranged. She was a very young girl.

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And they sat for three days on the shore

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of the Baltic Sea. Will the barge come for them?

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Merab asked her: "What have you been doing?" Three days. Maybe it would have been death.  

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Maybe they will be found and returned to the camp  

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and she will die together with this young man. 

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Maybe they will be saved. And so on.

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And Zelma began to wash the window, washed the curtains and lived these two and a half or three 

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days as if she had arranged these three days today 

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without any idea how they could end. 

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For Merab, it had a unique meaning, because 

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the time in which he lived, we all lived,  

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it was very formless. The aesthetics of life were   

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stolen and the aesthetics of relationships were stolen.

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- I was very surprised one day when he was floating so  

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impressively down the corridor, and suddenly someone shouted from 

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some door:"Merab, Riga is waiting for you!" And all of a sudden he's just like a runner whoosh. 

00:19:58.000 --> 00:19:02.00 
He had a love in Riga, a woman. 

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She was not allowed to be brought to Prague.

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She did not pass according to some personal data.

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The way to the West ran, alas, through the East. In order 

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to discuss on an equal footing with Sartre, Pasolini and Marcuse, it was necessary 

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to accept all the rules of the game without exceptions, 

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 take into account personal data and be listed 

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 in the Party, to which Mamardashvili was already squeamish at that time, and stressed that he lived  

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in Moscow as in internal emigration, and in Prague as in gilded emigration. 

00:19:30.500 --> 00:19:34.700
Boris Grushin:
- Of course, I had to serve the authorities. It was terrible. It was necessary

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to compromise all the time. But that wasn't the only upset. Much more worried,

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to be honest, complete lack of demand.  

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Oleg Genisaretsky, Doctor of Art History, Deputy Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- Don't make a scarecrow out of it. In addition, Merab Konstantinovich, he very clearly explains why he personally 

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did not leave the ranks of the CPSU. He did not make demonstrative gestures and social capital on this. 


00:20:57.500 --> 00:20:02.800
And he was like Mamardashvili, as he worked there since the 60s, 

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so he worked until the day of his death, that is, 

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he thought, that is, he thought.

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Vladimir Kantor, Doctor of Philosophy:
- If we can talk about Merab. I remember when they dragged me to the Party, where, thank God, I never joined,

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Merab said: "Volodya, why are you suffering so much? It's like a travel ticket," 

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he said. - Do you get on the tram, do you buy a ticket?" 

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I say, "I'm buying." You are going in a Soviet tram. "In the Soviet tram you need to have a ticket."

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They all ride in a comfortable tram. They do not realize that they will have to pay after, not at the entrance, 

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 but at the exit. The entrance costs a ruble, the exit is two. 

00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:48.000
RUMYANTSEV VILLAGE

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- Of course, in the "Problems of Peace and Socialism" there were very 

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different bosses and very diverse security officers.  

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- One of them, in a conversation with me and with Karyakin, once 

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said a wonderful phrase. He looked at us so attentively, with  

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such a calm professional look, and said: "Well, okay. You have ideas, and we have methods. Let's see who wins."

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- Prague had its first Prague Spring.

00:21:20.100 --> 00:21:28.800
And she was in the Rumyantsev village, as we called it, in the international journal "Problems of Peace and Socialism".  

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The Prague editorial office was nicknamed Rumyantsev village in honor of the editor-in-chief Alexei Matveyevich Rumyantsev. 

00:21:34.800 --> 00:21:39.800 
He was quite a Soviet academician, worked as the first secretary of the Kharkiv Regional Party Committee. 

00:21:39.800 --> 00:21:46.000 
Under Stalin , he briefly became head of the Department of Economic and Historical Sciences of the Central Committee of the CPSU B.

00:21:46.000  --> 00:21:50.900
But he remained in the grateful memory of posterity as a person who helped 

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others to come true. 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- It cannot be said that he was a very talented theoretician and so on,  

00:21:57.800 --> 00:22:01.600
but one of the few surviving,

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principled and strong communists

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of another wave, which was basically liquidated  

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at one time by Comrade Stalin and his associates.

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Valentina Mikitinova, editorial staff member of the journal "Problems of Peace and Socialism" in the 1960s.:
- When, for example, Gagarin was in the "Problems of the World", they accepted him,

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and he made such an exciting speech-greeting him and finished this speech: "For our Communist Space!" 

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:31.900
But, on the other hand, he was very kind to all those,

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say, who had different opinions than him. 

00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:44.000
But when he got a little angry, he would say: "Am I the boss here or the boll of shit?"

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:53.800
Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- Alexey Matveyevich Rumyantsev, having decided that it was enough, it was necessary to impose discipline, decided to issue 

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an order to come exactly at 8 o'clock. And so the guys come by 8 o'clock, Karjakin 

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his friend and someone else and discover that

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the Czechs, and yet the Czechs were the owners of the magazine, started repairs and brought a lot of small toilets. 

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Because they were bored, they looked at all the offices  

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of all the bosses, took all the chairs and armchairs out of there and put toilet bowls for them. 


00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:30.800
They sit quietly waiting. Alexey Matveyevich comes and sees. Oh, the horror! What's it?

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And in the "Problems of Peace and Socialism", too,  

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everything depends on the good nomenclature tsar. In 1967 

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Rumyantsev will become the director of the newly created Institute 

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for Concrete Social Research, where he will call both Grushin,  

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Levada, and Yuri Davydov. And before that, he will have time to visit a very big boss - the editor-in-chief of the main newspaper of the country.

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Rumyantsev dragged away with him 3-4 

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people who became observers of the Pravda. Including Karyakin, Ambartsumov and a number of other people.  

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And they began to write articles in Pravda that... 

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so to speak, from which the eyes will pop out of the forehead. 

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In Pravda! I'm not saying that Yuri Fedorovich

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Karyakin in Pravda kept Alexander Isaevich 

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 "In the first circle" in the safe of the same Rumyantsev. 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- And when novel was arrested, Alexander Isaevich appeared at Karyakin's house without a call and said  

00:24:32.400 --> 00:24:41.400
calmly and sternly: "I came with a tail. We'll get rid of the tail. I won't  

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explain anything. We need to pick up a copy." It turned out that 

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all the other copies were arrested by the KGB. And then Karjakin, learning along the way

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how to hide from tails in the subway, how to dive

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into the car and come up as soon as the door slams, in different directions. 

00:25:02.000--> 00:25:11.900
In general, they got to the Pravda. He took a copy of the novel from the safe. He took him to Tvardovsky. 

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It was in Prague that the model developed, which is then used

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 in the IILM, the Institute of the USA and Canada, IPSI: free thought under a reliable party cover. 

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While everyone thinks that this can go on indefinitely. 

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But the illusion will have to be paid for very soon.


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You'll stay in the shower forever,

The City of songs and chestnut foliage,

Zlata Prague, the beauty of Prague,

Moscow's golden friend!