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DEPARTMENT
EPISODE 5
The documentary project of Alexander Arkhangelsky

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Nelly Motroshilova, Doctor of Philosophy, widow of Yuri Zamoshkin:
- IILM is a story from 66 to 68. 

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They entered there on some kind of wave,  

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and they came out in the sixty-eighth year. 

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Vitaly Wolf, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation:
- None of us signed the letter that the institute was supposed to write  

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to the Central Committee of the CPSU supporting the entry of troops into Czechoslovakia.

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Yuri Lyubimov, Artistic Director of the Taganka Theater:
- This is a very difficult year. Very. And the Hungarians have the 56th.

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The main question of philosophy: "How to grow philosophers out of Komsomol members?"

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The main question of Soviet life: "How to gently change 

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the system from the inside?" Until 1968, it seemed

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that both were possible. The right technology of thinking, as if by magic,  

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will turn the country and the world around. Utopianism fueled the energy of thinkers. 

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He also gave out the Marxist leaven to their consciousness. 

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Erich Soloviev, Doctor of Philosophy, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- In my half-starved youth, from oilcake, from margarine, I fell

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in love with the harsh Marxist doctrine. And I masturbated terribly 

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through early readings of Spartan ascetic Marxist writings. 

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For a year, in fiery visions, she came to me with 

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a royal a royal gait in a Baltic commissar's leather jacket.

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And she bared her body, and adorned the body
the stigmata of Pere Lachaise and the Lena execution.

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A dashing youth came with a desire of the beast, 

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I became more familiar with the Marxist doctrine. 

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The historic, guilty in hopes, sudden hysterical 20th Party Congress  brought us together.

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My acquaintance was a malleable-stubborn, moderate-party literary lady. 

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And I whispered to her with an erotic excess of pleasure about bureaucracy, chatted about alienation.

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And I swolled with vice, and spilled by the prophet, then  her hands, then her shoulder touching inadvertently.

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THE NAIVE BROTHERHOOD OF FREE MINDS

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The year began beautifully, theatrically, enchantingly. Russia has ceased to be  

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chamber number six and has become an infinite number 

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of departments, a network of informal associations. Physicists shuffled with lyricists,

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social forecasters with publicists. A life-giving environment was formed.   

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- There was a feeling that it was necessary to look for something, to strive for something,

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to update something. A small motor is formed from this. А из 

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And from this small motor, a big motor of the country's public opinion

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is formed, by the way. 

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The Institute of the International Labor Movement has become

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a permanent meeting place for intellectuals and actors, which is logical.

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If you create a kind of Finnish academy on the basis of a trade union research institute,  

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why not connect the classroom space with the theater. 

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Vitaly Wolf, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation:
- Everyone gave each other what he had, what he possessed.

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Titans, absolutely, for me. They were out of reach because  

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they knew things that I didn't know at all.

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I began to invite them to Sovremennik, with whom I was very friendly at that time  

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and did not get out of Sovremennik.  

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But a special role in the fate of the post-war generation of thinkers was played by 

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the Taganka Theater, Brechtian, revolutionary, stylistically linking the left Soviet 

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culture with the Western left. And the staff of IILM, its curators and patrons,  

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from Chernyaev to Bovin and Arbatov, did not get out of the Lyubimov theater.

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Karjakin first time came to the "Good Man from Sezuan". He began to write down his  impressions feverishly. 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- And they report to Yuri Petrovich: "The special correspondent of Pravda is sitting in your front row and scribbling something."

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Yuri Petrovich thinks: "So! Another snitch appeared in the theater."

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And then they started talking about Solzhenitsyn, about everything. They got to talking.

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They found each other right away, then Dezik Samoilov appeared, 

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and the conversation of the Russian boys began, if we recall Dostoevsky again. 

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I was worried again. Worried is not the right word! Rebelled. I told: "Where do you live? In the house or where?" 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- When I had been coming to Prague, the first thing I had been raning to Karyakin and  saying: 

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"You what? When is there? What's on Taganka?"

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The long-term friendship of the historian Lukin, the publicist Karjakin, the poet Samoilov,

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which began in Prague, was supported by a common love for Taganka.

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- As Yura said: "We sat down for a drink with him. We talked for half an hour.  

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We realized that we fit each other. After an hour and a half, we could not part."

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And the trips to Dezik began, in my opinion, they lived in Opalikha, 

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unfortunately with large libations. 


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Dezik always sent books when he had already left for Estonia.


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I remember he sent another book and wrote: "I love you Karjaka! Cut it out, though!" 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Давид жил тогда в Опалихе под Москвой.  

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Naturally, as usual, we did not arrive empty. We had a good time.

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At some stage, I just fell asleep. I fell asleep 

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at the most indecent time when David began to read his then new poem. 

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There he describes some scene from life and then goes  

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the refrain: "Under the sky is a show booth.  Above the show booth is the sky." 

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And, according to witnesses, when he uttered the refrain,

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I was opening my eyes and was saying: "It's brilliant! This can become an epigraph

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of "The Master and Margarita". And I immediately was felling asleep. 

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Samoilov always had guests:

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artist Mikhail Kazakov, bard Yuli Kim, dissident teacher Jacobson,

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Anatoly Chernyaev, by the way, is a classmate of Samoilov and Liliana Lungina.

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Lines of mutual friendly protection were being built. 

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Karyakin and Samoilov was saving Taganka at the Art Councils.

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Chernyaev was covering along the party line.


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CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLACE AND TIME

Year 1968

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January. A guilty verdict has been announced against dissidents  

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Yuri Galanskov and Alexander Ginzburg. 

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The reformer Dubcek became the leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

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March. The Vietnamese village of Songmi was destroyed.

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April. Martin Luther King was killed.

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Dead. Dr. King devoted the last days of his life  

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to preparing the march of the poor on Washington. And the march took place. 

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May. Student unrest at the Sorbonne.

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A general strike. There are leftist student riots all over Europe.

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July. Robert Kennedy was killed.

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August. Soviet and German tanks on the streets of Prague.

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8 people come out to protest on Red Square.

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Deep Purple and Nazareth were formed.

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On the screens of "The Diamond Hand", "We'll live until Monday", 

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"The Master of the Taiga" and "The Golden Calf". 

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The first book of Alexander Men's father, The Son of Man, was published in Brussels.

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ONE IN THE FIELD WARRIOR

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There was a deceptive sweetness in this network swarming, 

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in the generational refrain "let's join hands friends".

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Потому что каждому предстоит свой собственный, отдельный путь. 

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Now too much will depend on personal will.

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A five-volume philosophical encyclopedia is published in Moscow, in which all the best people of the era write:

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Losev and Levada, Mamardashvili and Averintsev, Ilyenkov and Solovyov.

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The editor-in-chief, a former security officer, Konstantinov 

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retreats under pressure from ordinary employees and, above all,  

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the passionate, flaming Rinata Galtseva. With scandals, but still

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articles are published. The philosophical courage of the city takes. 

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And not only philosophical.

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
-January 68. The famous evening in the Central House of Writers "In Memory of Platonov".

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Half of Moscow gathered. Karjakin makes a report. He throws such words into the hall that everyone freezes in horror. 

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Maybe now everyone will be taken away. He says: 

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""The authorities hounded Platonov, they are hounding Solzhenitsyn today, they are hounding  Okudzhava, Neizvestny, Korzhavin.

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And you, art historians in civilian clothes, here you are sitting here, and you are the ones who  labeling on him.."

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Then he looked: "And anyway, you can't wash a black dog to make it white."

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Everyone understood that we were talking about Stalin.

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The party bonzes were furious. Karjakin, of course, was immediately thrown out of the Party, expelled, 

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and let's put pressure on the IILM Institute to get him kicked out.

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Yuri Karyakin:
- A two-point resolution was adopted:

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For unprecedented rude behavior on the City Committee of the CPSU of Moscow

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and for an ideologically incorrect speech at the Platonov memorial evening to exclude.  

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I am coming out. I stand for a minute. Then I open the door very roughly 

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with my foot. And I say to them: "What are you? Are you completely stupid here?  

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After all, I first made an ideologically incorrect statement, and then I acted with unprecedented rudeness.

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You idiots, change the items!" And went out. 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
-When he was expelled from the Party at a meeting of the Moscow Committee, Grishin, the 1st secretary, was sitting behind a curtain.

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He didn't want to... He was told that this man, Karjakin, could be expected to do anything from him. 

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We'd better hold a meeting, exclude it.

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And he sat there and listened. And Karjakin stood (then he told me) and thought:

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"Well, now, they will now take me and throw me from the 4th floor. I am standing at the window.

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Why don't they do anything to me? " And they couldn't do anything with him.

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However, Chernyaev, his friend, helped. Helped a lot.

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But no noble Chernyaev could have helped Karjakin 

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if it had not been for the personal courage of a young 

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employee of the IILM, Vladimir Ilyushenko, who had no fame and connections.

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Ilyushenko was the chairman of the local committee 

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and had to formally sign the dismissal order. 

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And he just says, "I'm against it."

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Not out of protest against the authorities, but because of ordinary human principles.

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And suddenly it turned out to work. 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- And the Party committee stopped short. And the director. It turned out, how is it, if not all? 

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And in general, he was saved. A man was saved then. A lot could be done.

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And the actions were successful on the part of other people.

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HOT EUROPEAN MAY

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Outside the window is a cheerful spring. The Institute finally has something to study.

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An international labor movement began in Europe, and even merged with 

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the student movement. And behind the barricades of the Sorbonne loomed the figures of the key 

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philosophers of the era, from Marcuse to the Sartr, also seduced

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by the doctrine, also wounded by totalitarianism, but unlike ours,

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who remain faithful to Marxism.

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In May '68, Aizerman, Rumyantsev, Timofeev found themselves in Paris.

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Unlike the majority of fellow citizens, a narrow

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stratum of privileged thinkers sees everything that is happening from the inside. 

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This is part of their personal biography. 

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At the hotel they meet the leader of the new left, the handsome old man Marcuse,

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who cannot be said to be  

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the idol of the rebellious youth. The emotion of the rebellious Paris, multiplied by

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the Prague spring, sixties in spirit, inspires everyone, 

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including Mamardashvili, who in every way shuts himself off from the Sixties.

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Svetlana Aivazova, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- The biggest event that struck everyone was the conference 

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on the events of May 68 in France, almost immediately, 

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at the moment of these events. It was June-July, like this, about 68 years old.

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And the person who gave the seed to this

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conference is Merab Mamardashvili. Which is weird. Yeah?  

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Because it is generally assumed that he was engaged only in pure philosophy and that's it. 

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No. He spoke of these events 

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as a breakthrough to a person from 

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large structures. After all, the main dispute in history is a dispute between the state, 

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as a huge structure, and a individual. 

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Here for Merab, in a filmed form, in a simplified form, the events 

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of May 68 are an attempt to put a individual 

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at the center of history. And the attempt was successful.  

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Here his foresight was absolutely astounding.  

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The foresight was amazing, but the hangover came soon.

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Vitaly Wolf, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation:
- Yuri Zamoshkin came up to me, literally touching my shoulder, and told me:

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"Come to me no later than 6," he whispered with his lips.

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And his phones were turned off at home.

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And there were storms about the Prague events.

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COLD AUGUST 1968

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In the corner there is a double bed, a high feather bed,,

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On it lies a stripped Marxist doctrine. 

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Impudent because of the Czechs, it is as such, 

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Neither old age nor ugliness from the world is not hiding.  

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And squints his narrow eyes, swollen with fat. 

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And he says, love me, or I'll  would beggar you. 

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And so that there is more fire, more agility,

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And so that in fiery ecstasy without any pretense. 

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I say to her: "Mom, I am not free to want.

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I am ready to live in service, humility, reverence,  

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I am ready to be your servant, to guess the commands,

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But only without attraction and without copulation.  

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Prague for Mamardashvili and Chernyaev, Karyakin and Timofeev, Arab-Ogly and Kutsenko

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is not an abstract city, but a part of their bright life, 

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a happy period of work in the magazine 

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"Problems of Peace and Socialism". Friends and colleagues stayed there.

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Among them is Vladimir Lukin, who,

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 like the Czechs, does not believe in  

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an impending catastrophe until August. 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- I'm not smart enough to be a pessimist. Do you understand?

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Czechoslovakia. In view of the aggravation of the situation

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in this country, we have provided the fraternal people

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with the necessary assistance in defending their socialist gains from 

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the encroachment of the internal counter-revolution, supported from the outside by the imperialist reaction.  

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We all took the decision to send troops 

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of 5 socialist countries to Czechoslovakia with deep understanding.

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The measure is necessary, timely and correct.

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It will help our friends, the Czech and Slovak Communists, to normalize the situation in the country.

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And yet they will have to believe and  

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master the experience of lonely self-standing. Lukin will write a letter to his superiors 

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condemning the introduction of tanks. The reckoning will not keep it waiting. 

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Closer to night, I have a doorbell.

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I'm coming up. My friend and neighbor Volodya

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Chaliapin, also our employee of the magazine, he tells me: 

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"Listen, ours have invaded here." I say: "Are you crazy? 

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You haven't finished your drink, do you want me to go have a drink with you?"

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Valentina Mikitinova, editorial staff member of the journal "Problems of Peace and Socialism" in the 1960s.:
- It also reached beer bars. And this is exactly what is very important in the Czech Republic.

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While, as they say here, they don't discuss all issues in pubs, nothing is happening in the Czech yet.

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And Lukin belonged to the number of active people who, as they say, go to the people. 

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Well, naturally, he was then sent back on a military plane for this,  

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in a few hours. We couldn't even pack his things, nothing to pack in.

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So we had to take off the sheets,

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throw all the things in there, tie them in knots, like in the war.

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Packed me into a special plane. We went. The stop was made in Warsaw.

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There they looked at us from afar with such curious looks.

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The plane arrived from Prague, from the center of events.

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Well, and then, strictly speaking, A la guerre comme à la guerre, in war as in war.


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So I thought, "Interesting. What will happen next? Who will meet us and in what form of transport?"

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But they met us from the Central Committee department, as it should be.

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Thanks again to Chernyaev. If it wasn't for him, 

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the young truth-teller would have had a bad time. And so he became the hero of the day, 

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a participant in a great event.

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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Literally a day later Merab called and said, scolding me with the last words:

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"Why aren't you coming?" I hesitated and said, "So, quarantine." "Yeah, okay."

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And I have always lived and live near Gorky Park of Culture, and he lived opposite in the 13th house, and I in the 12th.

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Well, I crossed the road, and there sat M with Neizvestny.   

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And we spent a wonderful day drinking Russian drinks and talking. Naturally, I did most of the talking.

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It was a memorable day in my life. We had a very good time.  

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They had to sit well for another 17 years, until 1985, when their classmate,  

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Gorbachev, would give the generation one last chance to publicly present  

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their ideas to the country, accumulated by someone, and dispersed by someone.  

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Who really will dispose of the unpleasant time when it was impossible

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 to act together, but it was possible to think alone 

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 in the silence of libraries.

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Vyacheslav Glazychev, Doctor of Art History:
- It was in its own way a very fruitful time of pure thinking. 

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Due to the complete lack of practical implementation, there was a greedy absorption 

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of world experience, which pieces could already be taken,

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read, translated, comprehended and discussed.

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It won't happen again. There was no agreement on this. 

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I believed, as far as I understand, Merab believed in it, that it was more important

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to corrode the system from the inside by enriching the vocabulary, 

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thinning concepts, bringing the conversation to the subject plane,  

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and not higher philosophical horizons. 

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Contrary to popular misconception, total repression

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has not yet begun in '68. Yes, after the scandalous survey 

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"youth about the Komsomol", the Grushin's Institute was closed, Levada's lectures 

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at Moscow State University were canceled. Piama Gaidenko was fired from IILM for signing protest letters.

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And Shchedrovitsky was expelled from the Institute of Technical Aesthetics.

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Galanskov was his school pupil. Он подписал 

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He signed a letter in defense of the student not for political, but for ethical reasons. 

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But those who did not participate in direct 

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politics, after all, try not to touch.  

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Lev Anninsky, writer, literary critic:
- I didn't have any spiritual breakdown in '68. When Natasha Grabovskaya went to Red Square 

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to protest against the fact that Spring was crushed. Well, if you want, go.

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And I had a very good relationship with her, with the university. Just friends.

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But the fact that she stuffed flyers into her

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little son's stroller, I couldn't resist saying: 

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"At least don't involve him!" She looked at me furiously and crossed to the other side of the street. 

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She had illusions, I don't. 

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And now there is no. I don't have any illusions right now either.

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But there was something that united everyone,

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skeptics and dissidents who had gone to the square or locked themselves in the library.

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Faith in renewed socialism has come to an end.  

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A year later, dissident philosopher Andrei Mariev will write a famous essay 

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"Will the Soviet Union last until 1984?", 

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in which he predicts the fate of any empire for the USSR  

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the inevitable and imminent collapse. 

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And along with this faith, the Marxist doctrine that nurtured it died.

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Vladimir Kantor, Doctor of Philosophy:
- Merab grappled with Kuntsevsky. Georgy Ivanovich says: "I won't give you Lenin! 

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Here, you're a Georgian, you deal with your Stalin." "With Stalin," Merab replies, "I figured it out.  

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And you will give Lenin to me." "Okay. I'm giving Lenin away, but I won't give Marx away."

00:22:45.300 --> 00:22:47.700
"And you'll give Marx away," Merab said. 

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Lev Gudkov, Director of the Yuri Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center):
- I approached him and was explaining something confusing,  

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trying to combine the theory of deviant behavior with Marxism.   

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He listened, listened. And he said, "Well, why did you stick the Old Man here? Why do you need a Beard?"  

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I was completely confused then, completely speechless. How can it be treated like this?

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The double bed cracks, the feather bed swings, 

00:23:19.500 --> 00:23:23.500
the Marxist doctrine grabs the phone.

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Then I pick up the abandoned bra from the floor, 

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And bring it to my face, and I listen to the smells.

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And instantly I hear the sea, and I see a cruiser in the sea.

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Larisa Reisner is a beauty on the deck.

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She throw speeches to the sailors , and you can hear in every phrase 

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.000
That she is all in orgasm, that she is all in ecstasy.

00:23:54.000 --> 00:23:58.500
И мгновенно я возбуждаюсь, и вот я совокупляюсь!

00:23:58.500 --> 00:24:03.500
А я лежу на простынях, как усталая шлюха!

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For real sincere Marxists, this is a tragedy.

00:24:07.100 --> 00:24:09.100
The nervous Ilyenkov closes up. 

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He thinks about Mars alone, listening to Wagner  

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and turning some crafts on his home lathe. 

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The esthetician Kantor reacts dramatically to what is happening.  

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Mayakovsky is the 13th Apostle for him. Revolution is a religious phenomenon.

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And if there is no Marxism, then there will be fascism. The country is not used to other options. 

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It can only live under pressure. 

00:24:32.900 --> 00:24:37.600
In 1968, Gaidenko left the department. 

00:24:37.600 --> 00:24:42.000
Her husband, Yuri Davydov, moves to the Institute of Concrete Social Research together

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with Grushin and Levada. Mamardashvili becomes deputy editor-in-chief of "Questions of Philosophy".

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And according to the administrative account, the history of the department has ended,

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But according to the historical account it has just begun.

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I was sitting on garden benches
I was walking on the Charles Bridge.

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And in the tavern at the table of Schweik
I drank the famous beer.

00:25:17.500 --> 00:25:27.500
We are not related for a day, not for a year, 
An unchanging feeling, live!

00:25:27.500 --> 00:25:37.400
Let this song fly to Prague 
And it sounds like a declaration of love.

00:25:37.400 --> 00:25:46.900
You'll stay in the shower forever, 
City of songs and chestnut foliage, 

00:25:46.900 --> 00:25:55.000
Zlata Prague, beauty Prague, 
Moscow's golden friend!