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DEPARTMENT
EPISODE 8
The documentary project of Alexander Arkhangelsky

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Boris Grushin:
-If we talk, say, about people of my generation,  

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then we have experienced at least three societies in our lives.

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The first is a society that could be called a society of classical socialism or Stalinism. 

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Then, the society of withering or decaying socialism, the Khrushchev-Brezhnev era. 

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And finally, what happened in 85 and continues to this day. 


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George Shchedrovitsky:
- In general, I am sure that there is a future for everything in Russia if we work.


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Oleg Genisaretsky, Doctor of Art History, Deputy Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- I, well, came to the IILM in question with the final feeling 

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that I live in a world of residual decency, 

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that some moral, spiritual, artistic and aesthetic norms that were, 

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they, like the light of a distant star, still shine through.

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The further it goes, the more it goes out, goes out, goes out.

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The Seventies were a generation of janitors and watchmen.  

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Their predecessors, the smart guys of the post-war draft, were a generation of departments.

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They served, as sociologist Grushin put it,  

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as members of the academic council under Genghis Khan.  

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But they wanted one thing - to think freely and dreamed of humanizing history. 

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And now their classmate at Moscow University 

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suddenly becomes the General Secretary. Gorbachev takes Chernyaev as an assistant - 

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curator of the Institute of the International Labor Movement and the Prague magazine  

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"Problems of Peace and Socialism". Len Karpinsky, an employee of the Institute, directs Moscow 

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News, and Yuri Karyakin was elected a deputy. 

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Yuri Karyakin:
- The request is this: to return our Russian citizenship to the person 

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who first dared to tell the truth about Stalinism, who was the first to urge both himself and us not to lie, 

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to the great writer of the Russian land, the great humanist Solzhenitsyn.

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At the moment when Koryakin offered to take Lenin's body out of the Mausoleum 

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and write the names of all the victims of terror 

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on the walls of Lubyanka, he had a heart attack.  

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But he finished to the end. This was what

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he had been waiting for for so long - purification through the truth, 

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the triumph of conscience. How they wanted to believe! 

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Everything will come true, soon and without shocks. 

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Юрий Карякин:
- It seemed that just about, just about, just about,  

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now Solzhenitsyn would be allowed, Bukharin would be published, rehabilitated, and everything would change instantly.

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But it was at the same time, already at the same time, there was

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a premonition that it was not so. Not this way. 

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Lev Gudkov, director of the Yuri Levada Analytical Center ("Levada Center"):
- There is the temptation of hope. And if it doesn’t work out 

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during life, then we, oh!, begin to whine, cry and, in general, lose heart. 

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Levada's stoicism was expressed in the fact that he believed in a long time. 

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He knew that this would not work in his lifetime.

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SHCHEDROVITSKY:

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE WHOLE MAN

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Oddly enough, Shchedrovitsky  

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turned out to be the easiest to accept the changed 

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reality with all its ups and downs. A common friend and common  

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environment of IILM-ites, Levadaites, Zinovievites, within the framework of a separate life, he never thought either 

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in Stagnation or in Perestroika It is not for nothing that people of

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all ideologies from incompatible spheres are gathering for 

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his memory evenings now. At the same time, his home seminar 

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was constantly operating, no matter what the times were.  

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Galina Davydova, widow of Georgy Shchedrovitsky:
- Then 30 people could gather in a room of 16 meters. 

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This is not a scientific conference. This is not some kind of salon 

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or kitchen conversations of our intelligentsia about politics.  

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This is completely different. It's a job. 

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Peter Shchedrovitsky, son of George Shchedrovitsky:
- There was such a tape recorder "Comet", bobbin.

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He weighed 18 kilograms. Here he dragged it every time.

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Brought. Put. Each of the seminar participants had 

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to spend some time deciphering the recordings. 

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Galina Davydova, widow of Georgy Shchedrovitsky:
- As a result, we have an archive. It turned out  

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that this thing is very useful and technically. Because 

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any special service can listen to it and no matter 

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what denunciation was written, it can be shown 

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 that it did not say what 

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the informers told you. 

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But rebuilding the technology of thinking, creating the elite, Shchedrovitsky did not dream  

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of humanizing history. Mental activity is higher of a human tougher 

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than a political system. Many shuddered listening to his formulations. 

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George Shchedrovitsky:
- People are random carriers of thinking. You can implement thinking on people, 

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or you can implement it on mixed systems of people and machines. 

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And the main thing is that there is thinking. And what it is implemented on, then, in the end, in our world it is implemented

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on people, and in another world it will be on penguins, and in the third world, like Lem, on hardware in general.

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People, as such, with their psychology, there is a secondary world. 

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Vladimir Zinchenko, Doctor of Psychological Sciences, Academician of RAO:
- He talked about it in terms of an incubator. Listen, and who gave you the right to form a person? Do you understand? 

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Yura was a very good person and we were really friends. 

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My God, how many times we went kayaking and skiing together.

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Shchedrovitsky, that Perestroika, that Stagnation,  

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if only to subordinate history to a reasonable beginning. Only the formats have changed 

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(the business games of methodologists are his invention) 

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and the scale, the true size has appeared. 

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Peter Shchedrovitsky, son of George Shchedrovitsky:
- At the best of times, 300-400 people went to Georgy Petrovich's seminar.

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A full hall was packed. 

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Therefore, he was, in a sense, such a philosophical showman of those times.
 

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Vyacheslav Glazychev, Doctor of Art History:
- The people tune up, did not understand anything,  

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but listened with great interest. On the one hand, 

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I understood that there was some magic 

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in this and pulling the ribbon out of the cylinder, on the other hand,  

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a certain very tough culture of understanding was felt behind this.

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CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE PLACE AND TIME
Years 1985-1991


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Gorbachev becomes General Secretary. A nuclear power plant explodes in Chernobyl.

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Troops are leaving Afghanistan. 

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Yugoslavia is disintegrating, Czechoslovakia is diverging, Germany is emerging.

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The first Congress of People's Deputies is taking place.

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"We continue the work of the Congress." 

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Students are crushed in Tiananmen Square. Deng Xiaoping is leading China towards capitalism. 

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There is a Gulf war going on. After the failed coup

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and the August Revolution, the USSR is disintegrating. 

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"I am terminating my activity as President of the USSR."

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ZINOVIEV: LOGIC VS HISTORY

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At the same time, Zinoviev, 

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who survived in Munich, who had cut off communication with many friends, 

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wrote the pamphlet ""Katastroika" (Cataconstruction). 

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Irina Zorina, Candidate of Historical Sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- I was struck by some amazing pro-communist note.

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I didn't know myself about the evolution that happened to him yet. 


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Vladimir Lukin, Commissioner for Human Rights under the President of the Russian Federation:
- Lensky kept saying: "I'm a terrible person

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if some metaphysical idea gets into my head."

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At first, one metaphysical idea struck him. He designed it    

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in an outstanding way, in a brilliant way, in his works.

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Then the opposite idea came up, which he no less talented designed.
 

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A return to the yawning heights of communism was for Zinoviev not only and not so much a political choice.


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His cartoons have always punished a life that did not reach the pinnacle of logic.

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And his paintings reflect the metaphysical horror of the disorder of being.

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It is no coincidence that they echo the drawings of the mathematical academician Fomenko, the creator of alternative history. 

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Lev Anninsky, writer, literary critic:
- I could not resist, I sent him a note: "Alexander Alexandrovich, but generally speaking, is there any sense in history?" 


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He took this note, read it and said: "I don't answer school questions."

And threw it away."

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Olga Zinoviev, widow of Alexander Zinoviev:
- If you are fond of history, then you react

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to those discrepancies, to those roughnesses and those free distortions that do not come from history itself.


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Even before we returned, Fomenko's book "New Chronology"

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caught his eye. He read it with great interest.

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As a logician, he saw in her the very thing that he so lacked in history.

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Such is Zinoviev's logical response to change - it is necessary to recount history. 

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His conceptual communism is akin to love for Fomenko.
 

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The historical process has again proved unworthy of human reason. 

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In the 70s, Zinoviev put his anti-Soviet novels under the rickety historical life. 

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In the 90s, he slipped the Communist Manifesto and an alternative history 

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and went into conflict with the environment, reality and the passage of time

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until the very end, as befits great logicians.

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GRUSHIN: THREE AGES, AND THERE IS NO FOURTH

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And the great sociologists are supposed to do something completely different -

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not to recalculate history, but to calculate the course of the process.  

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The life of the energetic Boris Grushin before Perestroika is as comfortable as it is boring. 

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He was again arranged to "Problems of Peace and Socialism". 

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But if the first Prague was a source of great creativity, 

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then the second became the time of beer sociology. 


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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- He languished there very much. And so he made a map of Prague.

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He put 800 beer houses on this map. 

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And he made it his task to go around everything and collect folklore from all the walls. 

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There are drawings and inscriptions. Some are from the Middle Ages. 

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But it’s absurd to come, rewrite and leave. 

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So he had to sit down. All our salary went to this project.

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Boris Grushin:
- Imagine that in 4 years,  

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about 200 exits to pubs - two exits a week. Wednesday and Saturday - give away, 

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regardless of the weather, regardless of how you feel, that is, approximately 3 pubs.

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In one beer hall, the first mug, in the second beer hall - two mugs with a small record, 

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and then the beer hall - at least three mugs.

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And in front of me in the history of Czechoslovakia, only one person was known,

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name Jaroslav Hasek, who was honored to go through only 240 pubs. 

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- Of course, I also wanted to buy chandeliers and sets, but he told me:

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"You stupid woman! First, they will put up a golden monument to me.

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Secondly, they will give free access to all pubs and we will save a lot of money.

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And, most importantly, I will receive a huge fee for the book.

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Soon the Czechs, following Gobachev, began to fight drunkenness.

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The circulation of "In pivo veritas" was hidden in the warehouse for 3 years.

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So Perestroika began for Grushin with losses, but continued, 

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as for Karyakin, with rise, takeoff, happiness. 

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He participates in the creation of VTsIOM, creates the sociological service vox populi,

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in order to abandon real money at the peak of external success 

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and start summing up the results - the publication of the main studies 

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"Four Lives of Russia". He's in a hurry.  

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He understood that time was burning under his feet.  

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Natalia Grushina, widow of Boris Grushin:
- And when he was already dying, he told me:

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"Take a sheet. Take a notebook," he said in a whisper.

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"Divide it into 4 parts." And he could no longer say what was required of me.

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Not finished "Four Lives of Russia". He suffered a lot. He didn't make it. 

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МАМАРДАШВИЛИ: ИСТИНА ВЫШЕ НАРОДА

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Mamardashvili did not have much euphoria during Perestroika.

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But there was euphoria around. People who lost their bearings,

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like at straws, clutched at the judgments of intellectuals, the existence of which they did not suspect.

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- What worries me the most, I would say, is the lack of tragic fun.
 
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To go out into that even, joyful field that opens after 

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you have given up ghostly hopes. And such a smooth, smooth fun. And when there is fun, as they say, the highest fun.

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"Is there humor in the Gospel?" "Yes".

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Sokurov, who listened to Mamardashvili lectures at the higher director's courses,

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 organized by Paola Volkova, is shooting a short film. His character is confused to the limit. 

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Paola Volkova, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, Professor of higher directing courses:
- Such a demoted former security officer, with whom the state did not act according to  his merits.

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He is driving in his little, little, little 

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car of some kind and thinks about something of his own. And suddenly he hears the voice of Merab Konstantinovich in the receiver.

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"...mystical or semi-mystical goodness and justice, realized here by some kind of 

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not rules, not orderliness, but an intuitive understanding of justice. 

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Hence the distinction between the justice of law, the opposition between them in the mind..."

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During these years of outward success, history placed Mamardashvili in last and terrible conditions.

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If you want to become a philosopher par excellence, you will give up the dream of openness.

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In relation to Russia, he knew how to be sober in the Chaadaev way.

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But with the myth of a special, non-Soviet Georgia, he closed himself  

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from the horror of real history, like Zinoviev with logic. 

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Юрий Левада:
-Merab always repeated: "In Georgia, everything is different. Georgians are not the same people as you are here."

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The whole concept was built on this and suddenly it failed. Politicians are small people.

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Vyacheslav Glazychev, Doctor of Arts:
- First of all, he was charming, if not to touch upon Georgian-Ossetian 

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or Georgian-Abkhazian affairs. This is where the beast came out. 

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And suddenly all civilization, all refinement of thinking flew off, and then ...

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Crush them and be done with it! There is no escape from this. And it is true.


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Elena Nemirovskaya, Director of the Moscow School of Political Studies:
- "I am Georgian, because I said the first words in Georgian

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and I saw the sky over Georgia."

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He felt it. He experienced it and, probably, idealized it.

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In the country of his dreams, as elsewhere, after the agony and collapse, terrible things began to happen.


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The son of Nika Chavchavadze Zurab agreed with the Ossetian and Abkhazian humanists  

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on a joint way out of the impasse and suddenly died in a strange way. 

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An uncultured force was coming to power and capturing not only the village mass,

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but also part of the intelligentsia. And Mamardashvili said:


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"After totalitarianism, the main danger is nationalism, which changes everything without changing anything.

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If my people choose Gamsakhurdia, I will be against my people, against my homeland".

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Eduard Shevardnadze, politician:
- His classic formula: truth is above the nation.

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Not forgiven. And now who is arguing? 

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Elena Nemirovskaya, Director of the Moscow School of Political Studies:
- We all came out of the Soviet overcoat: both Russia and Georgia, each specifically.

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And everyone wanted this identity. They began to speak and write in newspapers 


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about Merab in the disgusting language in which, by the way, people here also allowed themselves to write.

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Merab, who understood about the form and feeling it all, he was shocked. 
 

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Iza Mamardashvili, sister of Merab Mamardashvili:
- I hid the newspapers, but still someone informed him. 

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So I knew he knew, but we didn't discuss it with him.

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I tried. And he was very worried, very worried.

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THE END AS THE BEGINNING

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In 1990, outstanding people  

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from the post-war generation of departments began to be mowed down with a scythe.

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For almost 20 years, a handsome, aesthete, bon vivant, tragic atheist and humanist, translator  

00:17:59.000 --> 00:18:03.500
and interlocutor of Sartre and Camus Samary Velikovsky worked at IILM. 

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He even with his appearance, white suits, refined manner of address resisted stagnant dullness.

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And when disharmony, both social and physical, due to weakness 

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in the last illness, prevailed, he preferred to leave.

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On September 9 of the same year, father Alexander Men was killed. 

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And in November Mamardashvili passed away.

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He repeated the fate of the beloved Socrates and the adored Dante. "Florence was my stepmother." 

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Erich Soloviev, Doctor of Philosophy, Chief Researcher at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
- It so happened that Merab Konstantinovich Mamardashvili 

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spent his last evening before his death in this room.  

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And we were sitting at that table.  

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I don't remember any philosophically significant conversation. 

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Merab felt bad.  

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The next day, Merab began to be collected on the way, collected at the airport. 

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Tatiana Kharlamova, a friend of Ernst the Unknown:
- I said: “Why are you leaving? Why are you leaving for this Tbilisi?

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What did you do there? You are loved here. There will be work here.

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We suffer without you. And you .. What is there in Tbilisi for you? Not good.

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Yuri Senokosov, philosopher:
- We sat down. Poured. Merab says: 

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"You know, perhaps I would now 

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go somewhere to a monastery in Greece. How wonderful it would be".  

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Elena Nemirovskaya, director of the Moscow School of Political Studies:
- I say: “How did this happen, Merab? I was born in the Soviet Union

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and I don’t like it. It's not good to be born and not love this place.

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And you love Georgia, but she doesn't want you."

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And he looked: "The accident of birth. The soul is immortal."

 
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On the same day, at Vnukovo airport, trying to fly to Georgia, Mamardashvili died.

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The body was hardly delivered to Tbilisi. There was no hearse here and the coffin was transported by truck. 

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- Not a word was said in connection with the death.

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And on the second day, his mother, Ira, Yura, Ilya and I stood at the coffin.

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Since Merab, apparently, was unbaptized, he put the icon to him anyway.  

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And here he laid the icon and crossed him on the  way. And he left. It was a farewell.


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3 years pass. Yuri Zamoshkin will pass away.

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And the shocked Karyakin will repeat in Russia the words of Mamardashvili, spoken to those in Georgia,


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also destroying his populist myth, stepping over the line of self-defense.

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Irina Zorina, candidate of historical sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- He wanted to tell them the famous words of Merab Mamardashvili: 

00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:45.500
"If my people are with Gamsakhurdia, I will be against my people."

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"Solzhenitsyn, Sakharov, Averintsev, Viktor Astafiev would vote for these? 

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Russia, change your mind! You are crazy! I have nothing more to say." 

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Irina Zorina, candidate of historical sciences, wife of Yuri Karyakin:
- Russia, are you crazy? And they slammed it. Everything. The screen went dark. Everything is over.

00:22:21.000 --> 00:22:27.000
Но ему удалось крикнуть. Ему удалось выкрикнуть, среди прочего, диагноз.

00:22:27.000 --> 00:22:31.000
ENLIGHTENED EPILOGUE

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One way or another, everyone had to pay the price of the road to freedom at the cost of human drama. 

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Politics has played some role, but still it is secondary.

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Shchedrovitsky, who was not fond of politics, said even scarier than Karjakin and Mamardashvili

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at the anniversary of the circle of methodologists-game scientists.  

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Galina Davydova, widow of Georgy Shchedrovitsky:
- There were people who very quickly grasped the language without going any further.

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And they worked purely in the language. Here they can be called gametechnicians or game developers.

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In relation to them, he said, when he listened to how they speak 

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and make reports: "I would cause all of you with gasoline and burn!"

00:23:18.000 --> 00:23:22.700
And Levada stated that the Soviet man who, as he assumed, 

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would free up a place in history for a new, democratic man, does not disappear anywhere. 


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Lev Gudkov, director of the Yuri Levada Analytical Center ("Levada Center"):
- Not long before his death, to the question: "How long will such a person still exist?"

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he answered something like this, that before Perestroika he thought

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that, well, at least 150-170 years would pass before

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Russia becomes a democratic, normal, dynamic country.

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Then, when Perestroika began, he thought that we would meet 50 years.


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But after the latest research, he says: "No. It will still take 100-130 years." 

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And Grushin, in an interview with his dear Komsomolskaya Pravda, suddenly says: 

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"Life was wonderful, but lived in vain."  

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Olga Kuchkina, writer:
- It's an amazing phrase and it affected me very much. 

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I don't think it means that life was wasted really.

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With this ostensibly external narcissism and boasting, which he had,

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at the same time he presented himself with such a high and strict account. 

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In fact, the visible defeat that this entire generation of Komsomol members,

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who pulled themselves out of the swamp, broked through to the heights of philosophy, sociology, 

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journalism, was a hidden latent victory. 

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Yes, it turned out that the history is not comfortable. But it can be different.

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And inside its countless departments, sections, folds, it is possible,   

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with patience and will, to do something that is absolutely impossible - 

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to become yourself, to live your own life and therefore everything worked out for them.